{
  "slug": "eastern-europe-it-outsourcing-clients",
  "question": "Who buys IT outsourcing from Eastern Europe, where is that demand growing, and what do the buyers want from a vendor?",
  "title": "IT Outsourcing Clients in Eastern Europe 2026: Who Buys From Each Country, Where Exports Are Growing and What Buyers Want",
  "answer": {
    "headline": "Polish vendors sold €3,818.8M of computer services to US clients, €2,492.7M to German and €2,300.2M to British clients in 2024; Romania sold €2,001.4M to Germany and €1,377.6M to the US (Eurostat). Ukraine exported $6,655M in 2025, 35.9% of it to the US (National Bank of Ukraine). In Q2 2026 Romania's computer services exports were 20.8% above a year earlier, Hungary's 1.6% (our calculation from Eurostat).",
    "sample": "Eurostat international trade in services by partner (2024) and quarterly balance of payments (to Q2 2026), Eurostat ICT usage in enterprises (2024), National Bank of Ukraine (2025–Q2 2026), EPAM and Endava filings (2026), Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024 (n>500, global) — 18 countries",
    "verifiedAsOf": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "us-clients",
      "title": "Computer services sold to US clients, by vendor country (€ million, 2024)",
      "note": "Eurostat balance of payments, exports of computer services (BPM6 item SI2) with the United States as the partner. The share column divides this by the same country's total computer services exports in 2024 — our calculation from two Eurostat figures.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Poland",
          "value": "€3,818.8M",
          "segment": "23% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "€1,377.6M",
          "segment": "17% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "€1,253.7M",
          "segment": "24% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "€667.5M",
          "segment": "25% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Lithuania",
          "value": "€600.2M",
          "segment": "25% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "€584.0M",
          "segment": "15% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "€484.7M",
          "segment": "17% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "€228.8M",
          "segment": "14% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Croatia",
          "value": "€204.5M",
          "segment": "14% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "€186.0M",
          "segment": "19% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovenia",
          "value": "€76.0M",
          "segment": "13% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=US&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "german-clients",
      "title": "Computer services sold to German clients, by vendor country (€ million, 2024)",
      "note": "Same Eurostat series with Germany as the partner. Of the three largest client countries on this page, Germany buys the most from Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Slovakia; the US buys the most from the other seven.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Poland",
          "value": "€2,492.7M",
          "segment": "15% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "€2,001.4M",
          "segment": "25% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "€982.6M",
          "segment": "19% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "€939.4M",
          "segment": "25% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "€642.5M",
          "segment": "23% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "€476.4M",
          "segment": "30% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "€188.1M",
          "segment": "7% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Croatia",
          "value": "€143.8M",
          "segment": "10% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Lithuania",
          "value": "€134.6M",
          "segment": "6% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "€63.0M",
          "segment": "7% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovenia",
          "value": "€42.1M",
          "segment": "7% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=DE&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-clients",
      "title": "Computer services sold to UK clients, by vendor country (€ million, 2024)",
      "note": "Same Eurostat series with the United Kingdom as the partner. The UK is a large buyer for Poland and Romania and a bigger one than Germany for Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Croatia and Slovenia.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Poland",
          "value": "€2,300.2M",
          "segment": "14% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "€944.4M",
          "segment": "12% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "€417.8M",
          "segment": "16% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "€375.9M",
          "segment": "7% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "€359.3M",
          "segment": "13% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "€328.5M",
          "segment": "9% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Lithuania",
          "value": "€236.3M",
          "segment": "10% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Croatia",
          "value": "€183.3M",
          "segment": "12% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "€120.4M",
          "segment": "8% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "€120.0M",
          "segment": "12% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovenia",
          "value": "€81.2M",
          "segment": "14% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=UK&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "extra-eu-clients",
      "title": "Computer services sold to clients outside the EU, by vendor country (€ million, 2024)",
      "note": "Same Eurostat series with all non-EU partners combined (US, UK, Switzerland and the rest of the world). The share shows how export-oriented beyond the single market each country's vendors are.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Poland",
          "value": "€9,228.9M",
          "segment": "55% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "€3,678.9M",
          "segment": "45% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "€2,529.2M",
          "segment": "49% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "€1,831.2M",
          "segment": "48% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "€1,588.0M",
          "segment": "60% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "€1,357.7M",
          "segment": "48% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Lithuania",
          "value": "€1,309.9M",
          "segment": "55% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "€643.0M",
          "segment": "40% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Croatia",
          "value": "€634.4M",
          "segment": "42% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "€461.0M",
          "segment": "48% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovenia",
          "value": "€311.0M",
          "segment": "54% of the country's computer services exports (our calculation)",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, international trade in services",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_its6_det?format=JSON&lang=EN&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&stk_flow=CRE&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=BG&geo=HU&geo=SK&geo=LT&geo=LV&geo=EE&geo=HR&geo=SI&lastTimePeriod=3",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "ukraine",
      "title": "Ukraine: who buys its computer services (US$ million, 2025)",
      "note": "National Bank of Ukraine, exports of computer services by partner country, 2025. Ukraine is outside Eurostat's partner breakdown, so it is shown in its own currency. A large part of exports is booked through clients' European subsidiaries, so the US figure is a floor of US-driven demand, not its ceiling.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — computer services exports, total",
          "value": "$6,655M",
          "segment": "all client countries",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in United States",
          "value": "$2,392.4M",
          "segment": "35.9% of the total (National Bank of Ukraine)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Germany",
          "value": "$236.6M",
          "segment": "3.6% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Estonia",
          "value": "$216.5M",
          "segment": "3.3% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Poland",
          "value": "$190.1M",
          "segment": "2.9% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Netherlands",
          "value": "$128.2M",
          "segment": "1.9% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Canada",
          "value": "$119.2M",
          "segment": "1.8% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in Ireland",
          "value": "$96.6M",
          "segment": "1.5% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine — clients in France",
          "value": "$84.5M",
          "segment": "1.3% of the total (our calculation)",
          "period": "2025",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "growth",
      "title": "Where export demand is growing: computer services exports, Q2 2026 against Q2 2025",
      "note": "Year-on-year change of quarterly computer services exports, computed by us from the two quarters in the same Eurostat (and, for Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine) series. Poland and Croatia are not in the quarterly release used here; one quarter is noisy, so read this as direction, not trend.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "+20.8%",
          "segment": "€2,475.6M in Q2 2026 vs €2,048.8M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "North Macedonia",
          "value": "+8.5%",
          "segment": "€148.8M in Q2 2026 vs €137.1M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "+4.9%",
          "segment": "€1,412.7M in Q2 2026 vs €1,346.6M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "+4.2%",
          "segment": "€786.5M in Q2 2026 vs €754.8M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Albania",
          "value": "+4.1%",
          "segment": "€60.5M in Q2 2026 vs €58.1M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "+4.0%",
          "segment": "€420.3M in Q2 2026 vs €404.1M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Ukraine",
          "value": "+3.6%",
          "segment": "$1,699M in Q2 2026 vs $1,640M in Q2 2025, US$ (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "National Bank of Ukraine",
          "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_q_en.xlsx",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "+2.5%",
          "segment": "€285.0M in Q2 2026 vs €278.0M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "+1.6%",
          "segment": "€1,031.3M in Q2 2026 vs €1,014.9M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "+1.3%",
          "segment": "€794.5M in Q2 2026 vs €784.5M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
          "value": "-3.4%",
          "segment": "€103.5M in Q2 2026 vs €107.1M in Q2 2025 (our calculation)",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "Eurostat, quarterly balance of payments",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "vendors",
      "title": "What the listed vendors report: client geography, concentration and growth",
      "note": "Two listed IT services firms with large engineering teams in Central and Eastern Europe, from their latest filings. They show where the paying clients are and how concentrated the revenue is — not the whole market.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "EPAM — share of revenue from clients in the Americas",
          "value": "56.9%",
          "segment": "listed vendor with large delivery centres in Central and Eastern Europe",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "EPAM Systems 10-Q",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1352010/000135201026000046/epam-20260630.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "EPAM — share of revenue from clients in EMEA",
          "value": "41.2%",
          "segment": "",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "EPAM Systems 10-Q",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1352010/000135201026000046/epam-20260630.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "EPAM — Europe segment revenue growth, year on year",
          "value": "+10.0%",
          "segment": "+8.5% in constant currency",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "EPAM Systems 10-Q",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1352010/000135201026000046/epam-20260630.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "EPAM — US revenue growth, year on year",
          "value": "+0.7%",
          "segment": "",
          "period": "2026-Q2",
          "source": "EPAM Systems 10-Q",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1352010/000135201026000046/epam-20260630.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — share of revenue from North America",
          "value": "38%",
          "segment": "fiscal Q3 2026 (quarter to March)",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — share of revenue from the United Kingdom",
          "value": "33%",
          "segment": "fiscal Q3 2026",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — share of revenue from Europe excluding the UK",
          "value": "23%",
          "segment": "fiscal Q3 2026",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — share of revenue from its top 10 clients",
          "value": "40%",
          "segment": "client concentration",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — clients paying over £1M a year",
          "value": "129",
          "segment": "rolling 12 months to March 2026",
          "period": "2026-03",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — revenue change, year on year",
          "value": "−8.4%",
          "segment": "−6.4% in constant currency",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Endava — adjusted profit before tax margin",
          "value": "1.8%",
          "segment": "fiscal Q3 2026",
          "period": "2026-Q1",
          "source": "Endava results release",
          "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "domestic-demand",
      "title": "Home-market demand: enterprises whose ICT functions are performed by external suppliers",
      "note": "Eurostat ICT usage survey, 2024: share of enterprises with 10 or more employees in which external suppliers perform ICT functions (alone or together with own staff). It measures how common buying IT work is among local companies — the domestic client base of a vendor.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Lithuania",
          "value": "82.7%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=LT",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Croatia",
          "value": "78.6%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=HR",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Poland",
          "value": "78.5%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=PL",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Serbia",
          "value": "77.7%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=RS",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovakia",
          "value": "76.2%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=SK",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Slovenia",
          "value": "72.6%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=SI",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
          "value": "71.0%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=BA",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Czechia",
          "value": "68.9%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=CZ",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Hungary",
          "value": "65.9%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=HU",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Estonia",
          "value": "60.7%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=EE",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania",
          "value": "60.1%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=RO",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Albania",
          "value": "55.3%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=AL",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Montenegro",
          "value": "52.5%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=ME",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Bulgaria",
          "value": "51.4%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=BG",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Latvia",
          "value": "48.3%",
          "segment": "enterprises with 10+ employees",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=LV",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ],
      "chart": "bars"
    },
    {
      "id": "buyers",
      "title": "What buyers say they want from an outsourcing vendor",
      "note": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024: more than 500 business and technology leaders of organisations that outsource, worldwide — not Eastern European buyers specifically. Shown as proxy: the method is disclosed but the sample is global.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Buyers naming access to talent as the primary driver",
          "value": "42%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers naming cost savings as the main reason",
          "value": "34%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers outsourcing application and software development",
          "value": "72%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers using the staff-augmentation model",
          "value": "29%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500 · the \"body-shopping\" model",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers expecting to increase outsourcing spend",
          "value": "40%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers that brought some outsourced work back in-house",
          "value": "70%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500 · past five years",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Insourcers naming better control over quality as a reason",
          "value": "68%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        },
        {
          "label": "Buyers using or planning AI in outsourced delivery",
          "value": "92%",
          "segment": "proxy · global survey, n>500",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "Deloitte Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
          "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf",
          "tier": 2
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "rules",
      "title": "Rules a vendor based in Poland or Romania invoices under",
      "note": "Verified national e-invoicing rules that apply to business-to-business invoices issued by a company based in the country — including an IT services firm invoicing local clients.",
      "rows": [
        {
          "label": "Poland — KSeF mandatory structured e-invoices, businesses with revenue above PLN 200 million",
          "value": "In force from 1 Feb 2026",
          "segment": "national e-invoicing platform (Krajowy System e-Faktur)",
          "period": "2026",
          "source": "European Commission eInvoicing country page",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/display/DIGITAL/eInvoicing+in+Poland",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Poland — KSeF for all business-to-business transactions",
          "value": "In force from 1 Apr 2026",
          "segment": "",
          "period": "2026",
          "source": "European Commission eInvoicing country page",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/display/DIGITAL/eInvoicing+in+Poland",
          "tier": 1
        },
        {
          "label": "Romania — e-Factura mandatory structured B2B e-invoicing",
          "value": "In force from 1 Jan 2024",
          "segment": "national platform",
          "period": "2024",
          "source": "European Commission eInvoicing country page",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/display/DIGITAL/eInvoicing+in+Romania",
          "tier": 1
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "reconciliation": {
    "title": "Why export statistics, vendor filings and buyer surveys describe different markets",
    "body": "Balance-of-payments exports count what resident firms in a country invoice to foreign clients, by the client's country of residence. A US company that buys through its Irish or German subsidiary shows up as an Irish or German client, so the US rows understate US-driven demand and the EU rows overstate European demand. Exports are not the whole market either: they leave out sales to local clients, which the Eurostat ICT survey covers from the buyer's side (share of firms using external suppliers, not money spent). Vendor filings report revenue by client region for the whole group, including delivery outside Eastern Europe, and two listed vendors do not represent the thousands of small firms in the export totals. The Deloitte survey is global and covers all outsourcing, not only software built in this region. Quarterly growth rates are our calculation from one quarter against the same quarter a year earlier and move a lot from quarter to quarter. Ukraine reports in US dollars and the EU countries in euros, so the two are not added or ranked together.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "source": "Eurostat — international trade in services by partner (bop_its6_det)",
        "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/bop_its6_det/default/table?lang=en"
      },
      {
        "source": "Eurostat — quarterly balance of payments (bop_c6_q)",
        "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/bop_c6_q?format=JSON&lang=EN&freq=Q&currency=MIO_EUR&bop_item=SI2&sector10=S1&sectpart=S1&stk_flow=CRE&partner=WRL_REST&geo=PL&geo=RO&geo=CZ&geo=HU&geo=UA&geo=SK&geo=SI&geo=BG&geo=HR&geo=RS&geo=MD&geo=AL&geo=MK&geo=BA&geo=ME&geo=LV&geo=LT&geo=EE&lastTimePeriod=8"
      },
      {
        "source": "Eurostat — ICT usage in enterprises (isoc_ske_fct)",
        "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/isoc_ske_fct?format=JSON&lang=EN&indic_is=E_IT_EXT&size_emp=GE10&unit=PC_ENT&geo=PL"
      },
      {
        "source": "National Bank of Ukraine — external trade in services",
        "url": "https://bank.gov.ua/files/ES/Trade_y_en.xlsx"
      },
      {
        "source": "EPAM Systems — Form 10-Q, Q2 2026",
        "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1352010/000135201026000046/epam-20260630.htm"
      },
      {
        "source": "Endava — fiscal Q3 2026 results",
        "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656081/000165608126000015/endavapressreleaseq3fy26.htm"
      },
      {
        "source": "Deloitte — Global Outsourcing Survey 2024",
        "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2025/global-outsourcing-survey-2024.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  "methodology": "Every number on this page is a fact node in the God of Startups Atlas — a knowledge graph where each metric carries its source URL, reporting period, evidence tier and the verbatim quote it was taken from. Tier 1 means official or statutory sources (Eurostat, the National Bank of Ukraine, company filings with the US SEC); tier 2 means industry research with a disclosed method (Deloitte, shown as proxy because its sample is global). Shares of exports and year-on-year changes are our calculations from two figures of the same source and are labelled as such. Values are shown in the currency the source reports; nothing is converted, estimated or modelled. Regulatory rows are verified rule records from official EU pages.",
  "metaTitle": "IT Outsourcing Eastern Europe 2026: Clients by Country",
  "metaDescription": "Polish vendors sold €3,818.8M of computer services to US clients in 2024, Romania €2,001.4M to Germany; Ukraine exported $6,655M in 2025, 35.9% to the US.",
  "cite": "God of Startups Atlas (2026). IT Outsourcing Clients in Eastern Europe 2026: Who Buys From Each Country, Where Exports Are Growing and What Buyers Want. https://godofstartups.com/atlas/eastern-europe-it-outsourcing-clients — data: Eurostat, National Bank of Ukraine, SEC filings (EPAM, Endava), Deloitte. Licence: CC BY 4.0.",
  "page": "https://godofstartups.com/atlas/eastern-europe-it-outsourcing-clients",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "note": "Each row carries its primary source, period and evidence tier (1 = official/statutory, 2 = industry research with disclosed method)."
}